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_GAMMA.DOC
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1995-03-01
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┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Gamma Information │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
All ImageCELs have to some degree been gamma corrected to midrange
levels. As the following will explain, this is a very complex issue.
IN SUMMARY: If the image comes up on your monitor darker or lighter
than suitable, you will need to perform a gamma correction to the
actual file using suitable histogram capable software. For use that
will eventually be directed to NTSC TV levels, the images may appear
dark, requiring that they be lightened.
The following information was taken from Dr. Alvy Ray Smith of
ALTAMIRA CORPORATION, makers of COMPOSER. As a graphics pioneer,
Dr. Smith is perhaps the most knowledgeable authority on the
subject, so we have included the following to hopefully educate you
on this subject.
GAMMA
If images come in from files too light or too dark, there is most
likely a problem with gamma. Be sure to adjust brightness and
contrast before adjusting gamma.
Gamma is perhaps the most misunderstood concept in computer graphics
applications. Part of the reason is that the term is used to mean
several different things.
All computer display monitors (and all TV sets) are nonlinear. This
means that if the voltage on their electronics is doubled, their
brightness does NOT double as you might expect it to. In fact, it
varies as the square of the voltage. If it varied by the square
exactly, we would say it had a gamma of 2. But all monitors are
slightly different, so the actual gamma of your monitor might be
anywhere from 1.4 to 2.6, instead of 2. Very typical gamma numbers
are 1.8 for the PC and Mac worlds and 2.2 for the broadcast TV world
(and for PCs using TV graphics boards, such as Targa+), but these
should not be taken as gospel. They vary from display to display,
even on displays from the same manufacturer. Any gamma other than 1
is "nonlinear".
The other important point is that all computer graphics computations
ASSUME linear images. This means simply that half red plus half red
gives full red. This is fundamental to the industry.
There are two ways to take care of this mismatch between the
nonlinear display and the linear computation: (1) take care of the
nonlinearity in the display, or (2) take care of it in the data.
Only (1) preserves your data for later use.
Unfortunately, many applications force you to take care of your
display nonlinearity by making your image data nonlinear. They do
this by assuming the default monitor gamma is 1, or linear. This
works, so long as you never use the resulting image for another
image computation, and so long as the next display you show the
image on (including ink on paper) has the same nonlinearity as your
original display. This has "worked" often enough in the past for
the mistake to have been tolerated.
But the whole idea of imaging applications from now on is to take
images from many sources and composite them together to form new
images (which may then be used by someone else as a component in yet
another image, and so on). The application corrects for the
nonlinearity of your display during the display process, not the
computation process.
If you import images from applications that have forced the display
nonlinearity into the data, you will - not surprisingly - get
unexpected results.